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B-boy Dance

B-boy
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For other uses of this term, see B Boy

A b-boy performing in Faneuil Hall, Boston, MA.A b-boy or break-boy is a male dancer who practices breaking or b-boying, the original hip-hop dance style. Equal terms for this are b-girl, to refer to a female who practices breaking, and breaker which is gender neutral. The word b-boying is the proper term for what the media calls breakdancing.

Contents [hide]
1 Terminology
2 History of breaking
3 B-boy styles
4 References
5 External links


[edit] Terminology
The breaking documentary The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy presents two reasons of why the ‘b’ stands for ‘break’. The first is that it's a reference to the musical ‘breaks’ on the record. Crazy Legs, the president of Rock Steady Crew explains the origin of the term - “the word b-boy originated from Kool Herc … b-boys and b-girls - break boys, break girls.”[1] His colleague Mr. Freeze of Rock Steady Crew states, “the break of the record… ‘b’… break, we are the b-boys.”[1] Mr. Wiggles of Rock Steady Crew and Electric Boogaloos says, “the DJs used to cut breaks, and the b-boys would break to what? The breaks. So you know, it’s just common sense.”[1]

An alternative theory is that it comes from the street slang terms 'break' and 'breaking' which at the time meant to fight or to lose control. Grand Mixer DXT says, “breaking boys - because people would be breaking at the party, starting trouble… when somebody would get mad - 'yo he’s breaking, stop breaking man,' and when Kool Herc says it, it’s official.”[1] DJ Kool Herc himself (billed as ‘The Father of Hip-Hop’ in the documentary) says, “b-boy – boys that break, it didn’t come from breaks on the record, it comes from… this man he ‘broke’, he went to a point, a breaking point… we just used the exaggeration of that term to the dancing – the b-boys, break boys.”[1]

[edit] History of breaking
Main article: b-boying
Breaking or b-boying, commonly called breakdancing, is a style of dance that evolved as part of hip-hop culture among Black and Latino American youths in the South Bronx during the 1970s.[2][3]:125, 141, 153 It is danced to both hip-hop and other genres of music that are often remixed to prolong the musical breaks.

There are four basic elements which form the foundation of breaking. The first is Toprock, a term referring to the upright dancing and shuffles. The second element is Downrock which refers to footwork dancing performed on the floor. The third element is the Freeze, the poses that breakers throw into their dance sets to add punctuation to certain beats and end their routines. The fourth element of b-boying is the Power moves. These are the most impressive acrobatic moves normally made up of circular motions where the dancer will spin on the floor or in the air.

Though widespread, the term "breakdancing" is looked down upon by those immersed in hip-hop culture. This is because the word "breakdance" is a term created by the media[1][4][5][6] to describe what was called breaking or b-boying in the street. The majority of the art form’s pioneers and most notable practitioners refer to it as breaking or b-boying.[1][4]

[edit] B-boy styles

B-boy Timon doing a baby freeze.There are many different individual styles used in breaking. Individual styles often stem from a dancer's region of origin and influences. Although there are some generalities in the styles that exist, many dancers combine elements of different styles with their own ideas and knowledge in order to create a unique style of their own.

Power: This style of breaking is what most members of the general public associate with the term "break-dancing". Power moves comprise full-body spins and rotations that give the illusion of defying gravity. Examples of power moves include headspins, backspins, windmills, flares, airtracks/airflares, 1990s, 2000s, jackhammers, crickets, turtles, hand glide, halos, and elbow spins. Those b-boys who use "power moves" almost exclusively in their sets are referred to as "powerheads".
Abstract: A very broad style of breaking which may include the incorporation of threading footwork, freestyle movement to hit beats, house dance, broken link styles, and "circus" styles (tricks, contortion, etc.)
Trick (Blowup): A style of breaking which focuses on the "wow factor" of certain power moves, freezes, and circus styles. Blowup-style consists of performing a sequence of as many difficult trick combinations in as quick succession as possible in order to "smack" or exceed the virtuosity of the other b-boy's performance. This is usually attempted only after becoming proficient in other styles due to the degree of control and practice required in this type of dancing. The names of some of the moves are: airbaby, airchair, hollow backs, solar eclipse, reverse airbaby, among others. The main goal in blowup-style is the rapid transition through a sequence power moves.
Well-rounded: A well rounded bboy who specializes in just about everything, power moves, freezes, footwork, etc all aspects of breakdancing. This type of bboy has the advantage in most cases if he/she battles a "powerhead", "stylehead", as the well-rounded bboy can perform same or better moves than the specifically specialized bboys like the powerhead. In most cases well-rounded bboys is the most preferred type of bboy
Flavor: A style that is based more on elaborate toprock, downrock, and/or freezes. This style is focused more on the beat of the song than having to rely on "power" moves only. B-boys who base their dance on "flavor" or style are known as "style heads".
Burns: A type of move intended to embarrass the opponent by creating obscene or comical moves (i.e crotch grabbing) during battles.
[edit] References
^ a b c d e f g Isreal (director). (2002). The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy. [DVD]. USA: QD3 Entertainment.
^ Brown, Lauren (February 18, 2009). "Hip to the Game – Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip Hop’s Legacy". Movmnt Magazine. http://www.movmnt.com/monsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
^ Schloss, Joseph (2009). Foundation: B-boys, B-girls, And Hip-Hop Culture In New York. Oxford University Press.
^ a b Adam Mansbach (24 May 2009). "The ascent of hip-hop: A historical, cultural, and aesthetic study of b-boying". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/05/24/the_ascent_of_hip_hop/. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
^ Klopman, Alan (January 1, 2007). Interview with Popin' Pete & Mr. Wiggles at Monsters of Hip Hop - July 7-9, 2006, Orlando, Fl. DancerUniverse.com (Dancer Publishing). Retrieved 2009-09-09
^ Jorge "Popmaster Fabel" Pabon (1999). "Physical Graffiti... The History of Hip Hop Dance". Davey D's Hip Hop Corner. eLine Productions. http://www.daveyd.com/historyphysicalgrafittifabel.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
[edit] External links
Hip hop portal
Hip-Hop at the Open Directory Project

[hide]v • d • eHip-Hop Dance

Main styles Breaking · Popping · Locking

Derivatives Krumping · Tecktonik · Jerkin' · Turfing · Lyrical Hip-Hop · Memphis Jookin' · Street Jazz

Movies Wild Style · Beat Street · Breakin · Breakin 2: Electric Boogaloo · The Freshest Kids · Honey · You Got Served · Take the Lead · Step Up · Step Up 2: The Streets · How She Move · Planet B-Boy · Rize · Save the Last Dance · Feel the Noise

TV shows Soul Train · The Grind · Dance Fever · Dance 360 · The Wade Robson Project · America's Best Dance Crew

International
champions BOTY Top 9 - b-boy crew

UK B-Boy
Championships Top 9 - b-boy crew · Kosto - b-boy solo · Gucchon - popping solo · Lock and Lol - locking duo

Freestyle Session The Squadron - b-boy crew · Flomaster - locking solo · J Smooth - popping solo

World Hip Hop
Championships R.A.F. - hip-hop crew (adult) · Request - hip-hop crew (varsity) ·
Lil Phunk Boys - hip-hop crew (junior) · Firelock - locking solo

Juste Debout Dy & Steve - hip-hop duo · Kite & Fishboy - popping duo · Sorry and Taka - locking duo

Red Bull BC One Wing - b-boy solo

R-16 Korea Top 9 - b-boy crew


Related people Richard "Crazy Legs" Colon · Clive "Kool Herc" Campbell · Christopher "Lil' C" Toler · Kenneth "Swift" Gabbert · James Brown · Toni Basil · London Reyes · Dave Scott · Wayne "Frosty Freeze" Frost · Darrin Henson · Hong 10 · Steffan "Mr. Wiggles" Clemente · Michael Jackson · George Sampson · Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo · Mona-Jeanette Berntsen · Laurie Ann Gibson · Shane Sparks

Related topics Hip-Hop culture · House dance · Funk Styles · Street dance · Tricking · African American culture · Funk music · Vibe Dance Competition · Bounce Streetdance Company · Rock the Spot · So You Think You Can Dance

Earthquake

An earthquake (also known as a tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

Planet Mercury

Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar System,[8] orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 days. The orbit of Mercury has the highest eccentricity of all the Solar System planets, and it has the smallest axial tilt. It completes three rotations about the axis for every two orbits. The perihelion of Mercury's orbit precesses around the Sun at an excess of 43 arcseconds per century; a phenomenon that was explained in the 20th century by Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.[9] Mercury is bright when viewed from Earth, ranging from −2.0 to 5.5 in apparent magnitude, but is not easily seen as its greatest angular separation from the Sun is only 28.3°. Since Mercury is normally lost in the glare of the Sun, unless there is a solar eclipse, Mercury can only be viewed in morning or evening twilight.

Comparatively little is known about Mercury; ground-based telescopes reveal only an illuminated crescent with limited detail. The first of two spacecraft to visit the planet was Mariner 10, which mapped only about 45% of the planet’s surface from 1974 to 1975. The second is the MESSENGER spacecraft, which mapped another 30% during its flyby of January 14, 2008. MESSENGER will make one more pass by Mercury in 2009, followed by orbital insertion in 2011, and will then survey and map the entire planet.

Mercury is similar in appearance to the Moon: it is heavily cratered with regions of smooth plains, has no natural satellites and no substantial atmosphere. However, unlike the moon, it has a large iron core, which generates a magnetic field about 1% as strong as that of the Earth.[10] It is an exceptionally dense planet due to the large relative size of its core. Surface temperatures range from about 90 to 700 K (−183 °C to 427 °C, −297 °F to 801 °F),[11] with the subsolar point being the hottest and the bottoms of craters near the poles being the coldest.

Recorded observations of Mercury date back to at least the first millennium BC. Before the 4th century BC, Greek astronomers believed the planet to be two separate objects: one visible only at sunrise, which they called Apollo; the other visible only at sunset, which they called Hermes.[12] The English name for the planet comes from the Romans, who named it after the Roman god Mercury, which they equated with the Greek Hermes. The astronomical symbol for Mercury is a stylized version of Hermes' caduceus.[13]

Global warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century.[1][A] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation caused most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century.[1] The IPCC also concludes that variations in natural phenomena such as solar radiation and volcanoes produced most of the warming from pre-industrial times to 1950 and had a small cooling effect afterward.[2][3] These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science,[B] including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.[4] A small number of scientists dispute the consensus view.

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century.[1] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Some other uncertainties include how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most studies focus on the period up to the year 2100. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[5][6]

An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.[7] The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice is expected, with warming being strongest in the Arctic. Other likely effects include increases in the intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields.

Political and public debate continues regarding climate change, and what actions (if any) to take in response. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Acid Rain

Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It has harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is mostly caused by emissions of compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. However, it can also be caused naturally by the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy produced by lightning strikes, or the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere by phenomena of volcano eruptions.

Albert Einstein The Genius

Albert Einstein (pronounced /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist. His many contributions to physics include the special and general theories of relativity, the founding of relativistic cosmology, the first post-Newtonian expansion, explaining the perihelion advance of Mercury, prediction of the deflection of light by gravity and gravitational lensing, the first fluctuation dissipation theorem which explained the Brownian movement of molecules, the photon theory and wave-particle duality, the quantum theory of atomic motion in solids, the zero-point energy concept, the semiclassical version of the Schrödinger equation, and the quantum theory of a monatomic gas which predicted Bose-Einstein condensation.

Einstein is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."[2]

Einstein published more than 300 scientific and over 150 non-scientific works.[3] He is often regarded as the father of modern physics.